William Irvine

Misfortune weighs most heavily, he says, on those who “expect nothing but good fortune.”

learn how to feel joy

They recommended that we spend time imagining that we have lost the things we value—that our wife has left us, our car was stolen, or we lost our job. Doing this, the Stoics thought, will make us value our wife, our car, and our job more than we otherwise would.

all we have is “on loan” from Fortune, which can reclaim it without our permission—indeed, without even advance notice.

we should love all of our dear ones …, but always with the thought that we have no promise that we may keep them forever—nay, no promise even that we may keep them for long.

We should live as if this very moment were our last.

when the Stoics counsel us to live each day as if it were our last, their goal is not to change our activities but to change our state of mind as we carry out those activities. In particular, they don’t want us to stop thinking about or planning for tomorrow; instead they want us, as we think about and plan for tomorrow, to remember to appreciate today.

the regular practice of negative visualization has the effect of transforming Stoics into full-blown optimists.

game, he might go on to comment about what an astonishing thing glass vessels are: They are cheap and fairly durable, impart no taste to what we put in them, and—miracle of miracles!—allow us to see what they contain. This might sound a bit silly, but to someone who has not lost his capacity for joy, the world is a wonderful place.

Negative visualization is therefore a wonderful way to regain our appreciation of life and with it our capacity for joy.